acceptance criteria
验收准则 The criteria that a product or product component must satisfy to be accepted by a user, customer, or other authorized entity.
产品或产品组件必须符合的准则，以让使用者、客户或其它经授权的实体能接受该产品或产品组件。
acceptance testing
验收测试 Formal testing conducted to enable a user, customer, or other authorized entity to determine whether to accept a product or product component. (See also “unit testing.”)
让使用者、客户或其它经授权的实体决定是否对接受产品或产品组件，所执行的正式测试。(请参见「组件测试」。)
achievement profile
达成摘要 In the continuous representation, a list of process areas and their corresponding capability levels that represent the organization’s progress for each process area while advancing through the capability levels. (See also “capability level profile,” “target profile,” and “target staging.”)
连续式表述中，在提升能力程度时，一组过程域与其相关的能力度，表示组织于每个过程域的进度。(请参见「能力度摘要」、「目标摘要」及「目标阶段式」。)
acquisition
采购 The process of obtaining products (goods and services) through contract.
经由合约取得产品(物品及服务)的过程。
acquisition strategy
采购策略 The specific approach to acquiring products and services that is based on considerations of supply sources, acquisition methods, requirements specification types, contract or agreement types, and the related acquisition risk.
根据供应的来源、采购的方法、需求规格的类型、合约或协议的类型及相关的采购风险以决定产品与服务的采购的特定方法。
addition
补充 In the CMMI Product Suite, a clearly marked model component that contains information of interest to particular users. In a CMMI model, all additions bearing the same name (e.g., the IPPD addition) may be optionally selected as a group for use.
在CMMI 产品系列中，清楚注记的模型组件含有特定的使用者有兴趣的信息。CMMI 模型中，所有的补充说明带有相同的名称(如IPPD 补充说明) 可当作一组来选用。
adequate
足够的 This word is used so that you can interpret goals and practices in light of your organization’s business objectives. When using any CMMI model, you must interpret the practices so that they work for your organization. This term is used in goals and practices where certain activities may not be done all of the time. (See also “appropriate” and “as needed.”)
经由这些字词的使用，你可以根据组织的经营目标来解释模型的目标及实践。当使用任何CMMI模型的时候，你必须解释实践使其适用于贵组织。而在模型的目标及实践中使用这些字词，可以用来说明其中的某些活动并不是一直都要进行。(请参见「适当的」及「视需要的」)
allocated requirement
配置的需求 Requirement that levies all or part of the performance and functionality of a higher level requirement on a lower level architectural element or design component.
将较高等级需求的所有或部分绩效及功能，赋予较低等级架构组件或设计组件的需求。
alternative practice
替代的实践 A practice that is a substitute for one or more generic or specific practices contained in CMMI models that achieves an equivalent effect toward satisfying the generic or specific goal associated with model practices. Alternative practices are not necessarily one-for-one replacements for the generic or specific practices.
可用以替代CMMI模型中，一个或多个一般或特定实践的实践，该实践在达成CMMI的一般或者特定目标时，具有相同的效果。替代的实践未必与一般或特定的实践是一对一的替代关系。
amplification
强化 Amplifications are informative model components that contain information relevant to a particular discipline. For example, to find an amplification for software engineering, you would look in the model for items labeled “For Software Engineering.” The same is true for other disciplines.
强化(amplifications)是帮助的模型组件，包含特定专业领域的相关信息。例如：想找软件工程的专业领域强化，可以在模型中寻找标示为「软件工程适用(For Software Engineering)」的标签。此方式也适用于找其它专业领域强化的信息。
appraisal
评价 In the CMMI Product Suite, an examination of one or more processes by a trained team of professionals using an appraisal reference model as the basis for determining, at a minimum, strengths and weaknesses. (See also “assessment” and “capability evaluation.”)
在CMMI产品系列中，「评价(appraisal)」是指一群培训有素的专家，以评价的参考模型(reference model)为基础，对一个或多个过程进行检验，至少做到决定其优点及缺点。(请参见「评估」及「能力评估」)
appraisal findings
评价调查结果 The results of an appraisal that identify the most important issues, problems, or opportunities for process improvement within the appraisal scope. Appraisal findings are inferences drawn from corroborated objective evidence.
评价调查结果界定出评价范围内过程改进最重要的议题、问题或机会。评价调查结果是根据证实的客观证据推论得到。
appraisal participants
评价参与者 Members of the organizational unit who participate in providing information during the appraisal.
在评价时，提供数据的组织单位成员。
appraisal rating
评价等级 As used in CMMI appraisal materials, the value assigned by an appraisal team to (a) a CMMI goal or process area, (b) the capability level of a process area, or (c) the maturity level of an organizational unit. The rating is determined by enacting the defined rating process for the appraisal method being employed.
如同CMMI评价数据所定义的，由评价组对于(a)CMMI的目标或过程域、(b)过程域的能力度，或(c)组织单位的成熟度，指定评分。经由执行评价方法定义的等级过程来决定等级。
appraisal reference model
评价参考模型 As used in CMMI appraisal materials, the CMMI model to which an appraisal team correlates implemented process activities.
如同CMMI评价数据所定义的，评价组将已实施的过程活动与此CMMI模型相互关连。
appraisal scope
评价范围 The definition of the boundaries of the appraisal encompassing the organizational limits and the CMMI model limits within which the processes to be investigated operate.
定义评价的界限，包含将被调查运作过程的组织界限与CMMI模型界限。
appropriate
适当的 This word is used so that you can interpret goals and practices in light of your organization’s business objectives. When using any CMMI model, you must interpret the practices so that they work for your organization. This term is used in goals and practices where certain activities may not be done all of the time. (See also “adequate” and “as needed.”)
经由这个字词的使用，你可以依组织的经营目标来解释模型的目标及实践。当使用任何CMMI模型的时候，你必须解释实践使其适用于贵组织。而在模型的目标及实践中使用这些字词，可以用来说明其中的某些活动并不是一直都要进行。(请参见「足够的」及「视需要的」)
as needed
视需要的 This phrase is used so that you can interpret goals and practices in light of your organization’s business objectives. When using any CMMI model, you must interpret the practices so that they work for your organization. This term is used in goals and practices where certain activities may not be done all the time. (See also “adequate” and “appropriate.”)
经由这个字词的使用，你可以依组织的经营目标来解释模型的目标及实践。当使用任何CMMI 模型的时候，你必须解释实践使其适用于贵组织。而在模型的目标及实践中使用这些字词，可以用来说明其中的某些活动并不是一直都要进行。(请参见「足够的」及「适当的」)
assessment
评估 In the CMMI Product Suite, an appraisal that an organization does internally for the purposes of process improvement. The word assessment is also used in the CMMI Product Suite in an everyday English sense (e.g., risk assessment). (See also “appraisal” and “capability evaluation.”)
在CMMI产品系列中，组织为了本身过程改进的目的所进行的一种评价。「评估」在CMMI产品系列中使用的含义与日常使用的含义相同(例如:风险评估)。(请见「评价」及「能力评估」)
assignable cause of process variation
过程变异的可指定原因 In CMMI, the term special cause of process variation is used in place of assignable cause of process variation to ensure consistency. The two terms are defined identically. (See “special cause of process variation.”)
在CMMI 中，以「过程变异的特殊原因」来替代「过程变异的可指定原因」以确保一致性，两者皆有相同的定义。(请参见「过程变异的特殊原因」。)
audit
审核 In CMMI process improvement work, an objective examination of a work product or set of work products against specific criteria (e.g., requirements).
在CMMI过程改进的工作中，依据特定的准则(例如:需求)，客观的检验一项工作产品或一组工作产品。
base measure
基础度量 A distinct property or characteristic of an entity and the method for quantifying it. (See also “derived measures.”)
一个实体的明确特性或特征，以及将其量化的方法。(请参见「衍生度量」。)
baseline
基线 A set of specifications or work products that has been formally reviewed and agreed on, which thereafter serves as the basis for further development, and which can be changed only through change control procedures. (See also “configuration baseline” and “product baseline.”)
经正式审查及同意的一组规格或工作产品，据以用作未来开发的基础，而且仅能由变更控制程序变更。(请参见「配置基线」及「产品基线」)
bidirectional traceability
双向追溯性 An association among two or more logical entities that is discernable in either direction (i.e., to and from an entity). (See also “requirements traceability” and “traceability.”)
两个或更多个逻辑实体间可辨识的双向关联(如指向与来自某个实体)。(请参见「需求追溯性」及「追溯性」)
business objectives
经营目标 (See “organization’s business objectives.”)
(请参见「组织经营目标」。)
capability evaluation
能力评估 An appraisal by a trained team of professionals used as a discriminator to select suppliers, to monitor suppliers against the contract, or to determine and enforce incentives. Evaluations are used to gain insight into the process capability of a supplier organization and are intended to help decision makers make better acquisition decisions, improve subcontractor performance, and provide insight to a purchasing organization. (See also “appraisal” and “assessment.”)
由一组受过培训的专业人员所作的评价，以作为选择供货商、依合约监督供货商、或决定与强制实施诱因的辨识工具。评估用来洞察供货商组织的过程能力，帮助决策者做更好的采购决定、改进分包商的绩效及提供采购组织的洞察力。(请参见「评价」及「评估」。)
capability level
能力程度 Achievement of process improvement within an individual process area. A capability level is defined by the appropriate specific and generic practices for a process area. (See also “generic goal,” “generic practice,” “maturity level,” and “process area.”)
个别过程域内过程改进达到的程度，能力度由过程域内适当的特定及通用实践所定义。(请参见「通用目标」、「通用实践」、「成熟度等级」及「过程域」。)
capability level profile
能力度摘要 In the continuous representation, a list of process areas and their corresponding capability levels. (See also “achievement profile,” “target profile,” and “target staging.”)
在连续式表述中，一组过程域与其对应的能力度。(请参见「达成摘要」、「目标摘要」及「目标阶段式」。)
The profile may be an achievement profile when it represents the organization’s progress for each process area while advancing through the capability levels. Or, the profile may be a target profile when it represents an objective for process improvement.
当摘要用来表示在提升能力度过程中，组织于每个过程域的进度，这个摘要可能是达成摘要。或者当它用来表示过程改进的目标时，可能是目标摘要。
capability maturity model
能力成熟度模型 A model that contains the essential elements of effective processes for one or more disciplines and describes an evolutionary improvement path from ad hoc, immature processes to disciplined, mature processes with improved quality and effectiveness.
模型包含一个或多个专业领域的有效过程的基本组件。它也描述渐进的改进途径，从随兴的不成熟的过程到具有改进质量及有效性的有纪律的成熟过程。
capable process
有能力的过程 A process that can satisfy its specified product quality, service quality, and process-performance objectives. (See also “stable process,” “standard process,” and “statistically managed process.”)
能满足其特定的产品质量、服务质量及过程绩效目标的过程。(请参见「稳定过程」、「标准过程」及「统计化管理过程」。)
causal analysis
原因分析 The analysis of defects to determine their cause.
分析缺失以找出其原因。
change management
变更管理 Judicious use of means to effect a change, or a proposed change, on a product or service. (See also “configuration management.”)
审慎使用各种方法，以达成产品或服务的变更或建议的变更。(请参见「配置管理」。)
CMMI Framework
CMMI 架构 The basic structure that organizes CMMI components, including common elements of the current CMMI models as well as rules and methods for generating models, appraisal methods (including associated artifacts), and training materials. The framework enables new disciplines to be added to CMMI so that the new disciplines will integrate with the existing ones. (See also “CMMI model” and “CMMI Product Suite.”)
组织CMMI组件的基本结构，包括目前CMMI模型中的共同组件、模型产出的规则及方法、评价方法(包括相关的产出)及其培训教材。这个架构可让新的专业领域加到CMMI中，并使它可与现有专业领域整合。(请参见「CMMI模型」及「CMMI产品系列」)
CMMI model
CMMI 模型 One from the entire collection of possible models that can be generated from the CMMI Framework. Since the CMMI Framework can generate different models based on the needs of the organization using it, there are multiple CMMI models. (See also “CMMI Framework” and “CMMI Product Suite.”)
CMMI架构可产生可能模型的整个集合，CMMI模型为其中一个模型。因此依照各组织的需要，可由CMMI 架构产生不同的模型，目前有许多CMMI模型。(请参见「CMMI架构」及「CMMI产品系列」)
CMMI model component
CMMI 模型组件 Any of the main architectural elements that compose a CMMI model. Some of the main elements of a CMMI model include specific practices, generic practices, specific goals, generic goals, process areas, capability levels, and maturity levels.
任何组成CMMI模型的主要结构组件，一些CMMI模型的主要组件包括特定实践、通用实践、特定目标、通用目标、过程域、能力度及成熟度。
CMMI Product Suite
CMMI 产品系列 The complete set of products developed around the CMMI concept. These products include the framework itself, models, appraisal methods, appraisal materials, and various types of training. (See also “CMMI Framework” and “CMMI model.”)
以CMMI观念所开发的整套产品，这些产品包括架构本身、模型、评价方法、评价数据及各种培训。(请参见「CMMI架构」及「CMMI模型」。)
common cause of process variation
过程变异的共同原因 The variation of a process that exists because of normal and expected interactions among the components of a process. (See also “special cause of process variation.”)
因过程各组件间彼此正常与预期的交互作用，而存在的过程变异。(请参见「过程变异的特殊原因」。)
concept of operations
操作概念 (See “operational concept.”)
(请参见「操作概念(operational concept)」。)
configuration audit
配置审计 An audit conducted to verify that a configuration item, or a collection of configuration items that make up a baseline, conforms to a specified standard or requirement. (See also “audit,” “configuration item,” “functional configuration audit,” and “physical configuration audit.”)
执行审核以验证配置项目或一组配置项目配置基线符合特定的标准或需求。(请参见「审核」、「配置项目」、「功能性配置审计」及「实体性配置审计」。)
configuration baseline
配置基线 The configuration information formally designated at a specific time during a product’s or product component’s life. Configuration baselines, plus approved changes from those baselines, constitute the current configuration information. (See also “product lifecycle.”)
配置信息是指产品或产品组件生命中某一特定时间的信息，配置基线加上以这些基线为主所核可的变更，构成目前的配置基线。(请参见「产品生命周期」。)
configuration control
配置控制 An element of configuration management consisting of the evaluation, coordination, approval or disapproval, and implementation of changes to configuration items after formal establishment of their configuration identification. (See also “configuration identification,” “configuration item,” and “configuration management.”)
配置管理的组件包含评估、协调、核可或不核可，以及正式建立配置识别后对配置项目所做的变更。(请参见「配置识别」、「配置项目」及「配置管理」。)
configuration control board
配置控制委员会 A group of people responsible for evaluating and approving or disapproving proposed changes to configuration items, and for ensuring implementation of approved changes. (See also “configuration item.”)
负责评估及对配置项目提出的变更的核可或不核可，而且确保核可的变更均已执行的一组人。(请参见「配置项目」。)
Configuration control boards are also known as change control boards.
配置控制委员会又称为「变更控制委员会」。
configuration identification
配置识别 An element of configuration management consisting of selecting the configuration items for a product, assigning unique identifiers to them, and recording their functional and physical characteristics in technical documentation. (See also “configuration item,” “configuration management,” and “product.”)
配置管理的组件包含选择产品的配置项目、指定唯一的识别，以及记录其功能与实体的特性于技术文件。(请参见「配置项目」、「配置管理」及「产品」。)
configuration item
配置项目 An aggregation of work products that is designated for configuration management and treated as a single entity in the configuration management process. (See also “configuration management.”)
为了配置管理所指定的一组工作产品，在配置管理过程中视为单一实体。(请参见「配置管理」。)
configuration management
配置管理 A discipline applying technical and administrative direction and surveillance to (1) identify and document the functional and physical characteristics of a configuration item, (2) control changes to those characteristics, (3) record and report change processing and implementation status, and (4) verify compliance with specified requirements. (See also “configuration audit,” “configuration control,” “configuration identification,” and “configuration status accounting.”)
应用技术与管理的引导与监督的专业培训，来(1)界定与记录配置项目功能与实体的特性、(2)控制这些特性的变更、(3)记录与报告变更的处理与执行的状态，以及(4)验证符合特定的需求。(请参见「配置审计」、「配置控制」、「配置识别」及「配置状态记录」。)
configuration status accounting
配置状态记录 An element of configuration management consisting of the recording and reporting of information needed to manage a configuration effectively. This information includes a listing of the approved configuration identification, the status of proposed changes to the configuration, and the implementation status of approved changes. (See also “configuration identification” and “configuration management.”)
配置管理的组件包含记录与报告有效管理一个配置所需的信息。这个信息包括核可的配置识别清单、配置预期变更的状态，以及核可变更的执行状态。(请参见「配置识别」及「配置管理」。)
continuous representation
连续式表述 A capability maturity model structure wherein capability levels provide a recommended order for approaching process improvement within each specified process area. (See also “capability level,” “process area,” and “staged representation.”)
一种能力成熟模型架构，在每一特定的过程域中，能力度提供处理过程改进的建议顺序。(请参见「能力度」、「过程域」及「阶段式表述」。)
contractor
承包商 (See “supplier.”)
（请参见「供货商」。）
corrective action
纠正措施 Acts or deeds used to remedy a situation, remove an error, or adjust a condition.
修复某种状态、除去错误或调整状态的行动或行为。
COTS
现成品 Items that can be purchased from a commercial vendor. (COTS stands for commercial off the shelf.)
可向商业供货商购买的项目。(COTS 代表「commercial off the shelf」。)
customer
客户 The party (individual, project, or organization) responsible for accepting the product or for authorizing payment. The customer is external to the project (except possibly when integrated teams are used, as in IPPD), but not necessarily external to the organization. The customer may be a higher level project. Customers are a subset of stakeholders. (See also “stakeholder.”)
负责验收产品或授权付款的团体(可能是个人、项目或组织)。客户是项目的外部单位(当IPPD 使用整合团队时，可能除外)，但未必是组织的外部单位。客户可能是较高层的项目。客户是干系人的一部分。(请参见「干系人」。)
In most cases where this term is used, the preceding definition is intended; however, in some contexts, the term “customer” is intended to include other relevant stakeholders. (See also “customer requirement.”)
大部分使用这个名词时，意指上述定义。然而，有些情况“客户”意含其它相关的干系人。(请参见「客户需求」。)
customer requirement
客户需求 The result of eliciting, consolidating, and resolving conflicts among the needs, expectations, constraints, and interfaces of the product's relevant stakeholders in a way that is acceptable to the customer. (See also “customer.”)
以客户可接受的方式，引导、整合及解决产品相关干系人对需要、期望、限制及接口冲突。(请参见「客户」。)
data
数据 Recorded information, regardless of the form or method of recording, including technical data, computer software documents, financial information, management information, representation of facts, numbers, or datum of any nature that can be communicated, stored, and processed.
无论记录的形式与方法的记录信息，包括技术数据、计算机软件文件、财务信息、管理信息、事实、任何能够沟通、储存与处理的数量或数据。
data management
数据管理 The disciplined processes and systems that plan for, acquire, and provide stewardship for business and technical data, consistent with data requirements, throughout the data lifecycle.
在数据生命周期，对经营与技术数据策划、获取及提供管理的有规律的过程与系统，能与数据需求有一致性。
defect density
缺失密度 Number of defects per unit of product size (e.g., problem reports per thousand lines of code).
每单位产品的缺失数(如每千行程序代码的问题报告单数)。
defined process
已定义过程 A managed process that is tailored from the organization’s set of standard processes according to the organization’s tailoring guidelines; has a maintained process description; and contributes work products, measures, and other process improvement information to the organizational process assets. (See also “managed process.”)
一个已管理过程，此过程是根据组织的定义指引，从组织标准过程所定义而来；包含维护过程说明及对组织过程资产贡献工作产品、度量与其它的过程改进信息。(请参见「已管理过程」。)
derived measures
衍生度量 Data resulting from the mathematical function of two or more base measures. (See also “base measure.”)
两个或多个基础度量的数学函数所导出的数据。(请参见「基础度量」。)
derived requirements
衍生需求 Requirements that are not explicitly stated in the customer requirements, but are inferred (1) from contextual requirements (e.g., applicable standards, laws, policies, common practices, and management decisions), or (2) from requirements needed to specify a product component. Derived requirements can also arise during analysis and design of components of the product or system. (See also “product requirements.”)
在客户需求中并未明显陈述的需求，但可(1) 自上下文的需求推论（如应用的标准、法律、政策、通用实践及管理决策），或(2)自指定产品组件所需的需求推论。衍生需求亦可在分析与设计产品或系统的组件时产生。(请参见「产品需求」。)
design review
设计审查 A formal, documented, comprehensive, and systematic examination of a design to evaluate the design requirements and the capability of the design to meet these requirements, and to identify problems and propose solutions.
对设计的正式的、文件化的、完整的及有系统的检验，以评估设计需求与符合这些需求的设计能力，界定问题并提出解决方案。
development
开发 In the CMMI Product Suite, not only development activities but also maintenance activities may be included. Projects that benefit from the best practices of CMMI can focus on development, maintenance, or both.
在CMMI 产品系列中，不仅是开发的活动，还包括维护活动。受益于CMMI 最佳实践的项目，可以专注于开发或维护，或者两者并行。
developmental plan
开发计划 A plan for guiding, implementing, and controlling the design and development of one or more products. (See also “product lifecycle” and “project plan.”)
用以指引、执行及控制一个或多个产品的设计与开发的计划。(请参见「产品生命周期」及「项目计划」。)
discipline
专业领域 In the CMMI Product Suite, the bodies of knowledge available to you when selecting a CMMI model (e.g., systems engineering). The CMMI Product Team envisions that other bodies of knowledge will be integrated into the CMMI Framework in the future.
在CMMI产品系列中，当选择CMMI模型(如系统工程)时，可使用的知识体系(bodies of knowledge)。CMMI产品团队未来也计划将其它的知识体系整合到CMMI架构中。
document
文件 A collection of data, regardless of the medium on which it is recorded, that generally has permanence and can be read by humans or machines. So, documents include both paper and electronic documents.
文件是数据的集合，不论其记录媒体。文件通常具有永久性，而且可由人或机器来阅读。所以，文件包括书面文件与电子文件。
enterprise
企业集团 The full composition of companies. Companies may consist of many organizations in many locations with different customers. (See also “organization.”)
企业集团由多个公司所组成。公司可能由位于不同地点及拥有不同客户的多个组织所组成。(请参见「组织」。)
entry criteria
允入准则 States of being that must be present before an effort can begin successfully.
在可成功开始工作投入的前，必须出现的状态。
equivalent staging
对等的阶段式 A target staging, created using the continuous representation, which is defined so that the results of using the target staging can be compared to the maturity levels of the staged representation. (See also “capability level profile,” “maturity level,” “target profile,” and “target staging.”)
目标阶段式由连续式表述所产生。使用目标阶段式的结果可与阶段式表述的成熟度比较。(请参见「能力度摘要」、「成熟度」、「目标摘要」及「目标阶段式」。)
Such staging permits benchmarking of progress among organizations, enterprises, and projects, regardless of the CMMI representation used. The organization may implement components of CMMI models beyond those reported as part of equivalent staging. Equivalent staging is only a measure to relate how the organization is compared to other organizations in terms of maturity levels.
不论使用何种CMMI表述，此阶段式允许于组织、企业及项目的间进行进度的标杆学习。组织可能执行某些CMMI模型的组件超越其对等的阶段式部分组件。对等的阶段式只是一个度量，以成熟度的立场说明一个组织相对于其它组织的成熟度。
establish and maintain
建立并维护 In the CMMI Product Suite, you will encounter goals and practices that include the phrase “establish and maintain.” This phrase means more than a combination of its component terms; it includes documentation and usage. For example, “Establish and maintain an organizational policy for planning and performing the organizational process focus process” means that not only must a policy be formulated, but it also must be documented, and it must be used throughout the organization.
在CMMI产品系列中，你将遇到目标与实践中常含有「建立并维护(establish and maintain)」字词。这个字词所包含的含义，不仅是建立并维护，它还有书面化与使用的涵义。举例而言，「建立并维护组织政策，以策划与执行组织的过程专注过程」的意思，不仅是整理过的政策，还必须有书面记载，并于整个组织中执行。
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发表于 2011-1-13 11:22:54
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